Draft: not yet checked by a lawyerThe guides below are drafts: a lawyer has not reviewed them yet. This is not legal advice.
Draft What human rights defenders advise
Pressure on a journalist
Keep work and personal devices separate, don't keep conversations with sources in mainstream messengers, and send footage only once you're somewhere safe.
Warning signs: summons to 'preventive talks', mentions in pro-government channels, surveillance, repeated border checks. Human rights groups advise consulting a lawyer straight away.
Main risks: working with 'undesirable' outlets (art. 284.1 CC, up to 4 years), breaking the foreign-agent law (art. 330.1 CC), army 'fakes' (art. 207.3 CC), unlawfully obtaining state secrets (art. 283.1 CC).
If you've been designated a foreign agent or summoned for questioning, see the notes 'You've been designated a foreign agent' and 'Called in for a chat or for questioning'.
Where to turn: Mass Media Defence Centre, First Department; if forced to leave: Reforum Help ('undesirable' in Russia; contact it from a phone other than one that could be seized). Belarusian journalists: BAJ ('extremist' in Belarus; from Belarus, write from a device that is not checked).
Designations of organisations in this guide: Reforum Help (undesirable). Contacting them carries a risk: do not write from a phone that may be seized, and do not repost their materials.
A Dutch foundation gives free emergency help to journalists, fixers and bloggers when the threat is linked to their work: lawyer and court costs, medical care, psychological support, replacement equipment, living costs and help for the family. In urgent cases support can come within 24 hours.
The threat must be confirmed by two independent sources; help is one-off, not ongoing. The form is in English, Spanish, French and Arabic. From Russia or Belarus, fill it in on a device that keeps no trace of the conversation.
A UK organisation gives free legal defence help to journalists, bloggers, photographers, fact-checkers and outlets prosecuted or sued over their reporting. It pays for or finds a lawyer and takes cases up to the European Court of Human Rights and the UN.
Legal help only, no living costs. The journalist, their lawyer, family or a support organisation can apply; the form is available in Russian. If you have no lawyer yet, write to info@mediadefence.org first.
A Swedish foundation, free of charge, fights off DDoS attacks, cleans hacked websites, provides secure hosting, does digital forensics, checks phones for spyware and helps get around blocking.
They help independent media, investigative journalists, human rights activists and NGOs; people without such work may be turned down. They do not clean personal computers. Reply within 24 hours, communication in English.
The European Centre for Press and Media Freedom gives threatened journalists up to 6 months of respite in Leipzig: a free flat, 1,000 euros a month, health insurance, travel, visa costs and a psychologist. Residents of Russia and Belarus can apply directly.
You need an application form, a CV and two reference letters from human rights or media organisations. This is a temporary residency, not asylum. The centre's legal support (legal@ecpmf.eu) is only for people working in European countries.
One-off grants for journalists in trouble because of their work: for a lawyer, medical care, urgent departure and the first period in exile. The amounts are small.
Download the application form from the fund's page and send it with supporting documents to the IFJ office in Brussels. The Russian Union of Journalists is not a channel: apply directly; Belarusians can apply via BAJ.
Free psychologists and lawyers for forced emigrants: migration and visas, taxes, civil law, humanitarian residence; groups and seminars. Psychologists work in Russian and Belarusian.
A Reforum project of the Free Russia Foundation, designated 'undesirable' in Russia. If you travel to Russia, contacting an 'undesirable' organisation or joining its events can lead to prosecution, so check with a lawyer. Separately, Reforum Space Paris has also been 'undesirable' since July 2026, and the Reforum Space Vilnius community has been a 'foreign agent' since May 2026. In-person meetings in Paris and Vilnius carry extra risk.
online; Berlin, Vilnius, Warsaw, Paris, Tbilisiundesirable
Last signs of activity: October 2025. Before writing, check on the organisation's own site that it still works.
Free grants of up to 5,000 US dollars for urgent digital protection for human rights defenders, journalists and activists: replacing seized or stolen equipment, secure systems, circumventing blocking, help after attacks. Unregistered groups can apply too.
Languages: English, Spanish, French, Portuguese; others on request by email. A reply can take up to two weeks, so this is not instant help. The fund is run by the Dutch organisation Hivos.